10 These authors found that stimulation of spinal neurokinin 1, NMDA, and non-NMDA receptors enhances spinal release of PGE2, which facilitates the release of spinal amino acids and peptides
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Other studies are under way for addiction to alcohol, nicotine, and opioids
J Am Coll Cardiol 49: 17331739
Several small studies involving people with digital eye strain suggest that 612mg daily for about a month may improve focusing ability and reduce eye fatigue compared to placebo, though results vary across trials and endpoints.2 12 In the brain, preclinical studies show that astaxanthin can reduce oxidative stress in neurons and may help preserve mitochondrial function.27 A few human studies suggest possible cognitive benefits such as improved reaction time and memory scores but the sample sizes remain small, so researchers emphasize the need for larger, long-term trials before firm conclusions can be drawn.6 9 26 Cardiovascular and metabolic health Because oxidative stress and inflammation are key contributors to heart and metabolic diseases, researchers have explored whether astaxanthin can make a measurable difference
Semaglutide, which is administered via injection, is typically clear and colourless
